Evaluation of BDS-2 and BDS-3 Satellite Atomic Clock Products and Their Effects on Positioning

The BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) has completed third phase construction and currently provides global services, with a mixed constellation of BDS-2 BDS-3. newly launched BDS-3 satellites are equipped rubidium passive hydrogen maser (PHM) atomic clocks. performance clocks is one the cores satellite navigation system, which will affect positioning, timing (PNT). In this paper, we systematically analyze characteristics clocks, based on more than year precise clock products broadcast ephemeris. Firstly, results overlapping Allan variations demonstrate that Rb PHM improve better in stability comparable to GPS IIF Galileo Accordingly, STDs BDS-2, at same level Galileo. Secondly, inter-system bias (ISB) between analyzed by datum comparison point positioning (PPP). Surprisingly, discrepancy great difference could reach up about 10 ns for WHU Moreover, ISBs quite stable over one-year periods. Thirdly, due improved clock, 68% accuracy 0.65 m min PPP, Besides, non-negligible greatly BDS data processing. when considering ISB.